Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
-Electronic media has complicated the relationship between social/cultural center and periphery in that it allows for increased communication, contact, and availability of information in global spaces. Therefore, the individual is not merely a member of a local community or nation; rather electronic media has allowed for the formation of global imagined communities that are a key element in the relationship between globalization and modernity. (3-4, 6, 32, 37).
-“…consumption in the contemporary world is often a form of drudgery, part of the capitalist civilizing process. Nevertheless, where there is consumption there is pleasure, and where there is pleasure, there is agency.” (7). = Mass media allows for the agency of the individual as well as the group.
-“…diasporic spheres…constitute one special diacritic of the global modern.” (11).
-“Cultural” characteristics= only pronounced differences in terms of practices that play an active role in the construction of group identity. (13-5). Identity has become much more problematic and complex as globalization and global connectivity have transformed the signifiers of identity.
-Diasporic public spheres connected through mass electronic media has resulted in the creation of heterogeneous imagined communities that have yielded a “postnational political order.” (21-3). In other words, the notions of community, nation, and nationalism have been redefined.
-Pastiche and nostalgia are essential components of cultural production and reception of electronic media. (30, 75- 8).
- “-Scapes” = five dimensions of global cultural flow (ethnoscames, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes, & ideascapes). “These landscapes are the building blocks of what (extending Benedict Anderson) I would like to call imagined worlds, that is, the multiple worlds that are constituted by the historically situated imaginations of persons and groups spread around the globe.” (32- 3). Results in a deterritorialization of imagined social life. (37, 49, 55).
-Video technology has greatly shaped the modern relationship between imagination and social life. (53).
-Consumption= A habitual and seasonal series of processes that revolve around the patterns of interdiction, sumptuary law, and fashion. (66- 71).
-“I view locality as primarily relational and contextual rather than as secular or spatial. I see it as a complex phenomenological quality, constituted by a series of links between the sense of social immediacy, the technologies of interactivity, and the relativity of contexts.” (178).
Lamarre, Thomas. Introduction to Impacts of Modernities, edited by Thomas Lamarre and Kang Nae-hui, 1- 35. Aberdeen: University of Hong Kong Press, 2004.
-Modernity is a continuous process of change in which new modes of being are in a constant dialog with sets of “temporal relations and historical values.”(1).
-“…the neurosis of modernity diagnosed by Nietzsche: when the new or the modern becomes the dominant value for understanding history, the present no longer succeeds the past but breaks radically with it.” (2).
-“Modernity announces a seemingly indelible division between the West and the rest, and perpetually conflates modernization and Westernization.” (3).
-Discourses on modernity have served to construct totalizing notions of nation, locality, and a supposedly inherent division of East and West. Area studies in particular has served to “other” particular geographic regions through the use of analytical lenses that establish the West as the normative standard. (5).
-“…alternative modernities entail an opening of otherness within Western modernity, in the very process of repeating or reinscribing it.” This raises questions as to the origin of parallel modernities within or outside of the Western world. (11- 13).
-Stuart Hall claims that modernity is in actuality the “result” of a series of processes and histories. But how can modernity every be a “result” if it is always a continuous process composed of myriad factors and influences? (14, 33-4).
Seong-Tae, Hong. “From Mount Baekak to the Han River: A Road to Colonial Modernization,” in Impacts of Modernities, edited by Thomas Lamarre and Kang Nae-hui, 121-35. Aberdeen: University of Hong Kong Press, 2004.
-“While Modernity is a product of abstraction, modernization refers to the process of historical change. Modernity may well exist as an abstraction, yet, as a historical process, there must be plurality of modernizations.” (121).
-The modernity of the metropole and the colony greatly differ in that the processes of modernization in the colony are based upon a historical rupture due to colonization. (121).
-Postcolonial modernity in the Korean context is an intentional rupture with past colonial modernities as well as the modernity of the former imperial center. (127).
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